A Detailed Explanation of the Composition and Design Principles of Ventilation Systems: The Core Technology for Building Environmental Control

 

The ventilation system is a key technology for ensuring the air environmental quality inside and outside buildings. It controls the spread of air pollutants through methods such as air exchange dilution and pollution removal, thereby reducing health and safety risks. Its design needs to comprehensively consider the building's function, the characteristics of pollutants, and the usage scenarios to ensure the efficient and stable operation of the system.

 

I. Core Components of the Ventilation System

1. Air Treatment Equipment

The ventilation system includes intake and exhaust air treatment equipment, such as air filters, heat and humidity control devices, dust collectors, etc., which are used to purify the incoming air or treat the exhausted waste gas to ensure that the air quality meets the standards.

2. Power Equipment

The fan is the core power source of the system, which is divided into supply fans and exhaust fans. It drives the air circulation through mechanical power. The main fan is responsible for overall air - flow regulation, while the auxiliary fans are used for local air - flow optimization.

3. Transport and Distribution Network

The air duct system (including pipes, valves, air outlets, etc.) guides the air flow to ensure a uniform distribution of the air flow. The location design of the supply and exhaust air outlets needs to match the building layout to avoid dead air - flow zones.

4. Intelligent Control System

Modern systems often integrate sensors and automation modules to monitor parameters such as temperature, humidity, and pollutant concentration in real - time, and dynamically adjust the air volume and the operating status of equipment to achieve energy - saving and precise control.

 

II. System Classification and Application Scenarios

1. Classification by Power Type

- Natural Ventilation: It uses the air pressure difference or thermal pressure difference to achieve air flow. It is suitable for ordinary residential buildings or low - pollution environments and has the advantage of low energy consumption.

- Mechanical Ventilation: It relies on fans to force air exchange and is used in high - pollution or enclosed spaces such as industrial workshops and laboratories, which can quickly remove harmful substances.

2. Classification by Functional Requirements

- Daily Ventilation: It maintains the indoor air quality and balances the carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and humidity.

- Smoke Control and Exhaust System: It quickly exhausts smoke during a fire. It is equipped with independent air ducts and fire - dampers to ensure the safety of evacuation routes.

- Emergency Ventilation for Accidents: For places prone to sudden harmful gas leaks, such as chemical plants and mines, it is equipped with high - power fans and backup power supplies to ensure a quick response in an emergency.

- Post - disaster Restoration Ventilation: It removes residual gases and dust after fire - fighting to prevent secondary hazards.

3. Applications in Special Scenarios

- Civil Air Defense Projects: They need to be equipped with airtight valves and gas - filtering equipment to ensure the independent circulation of internal air during wartime or disasters.

- Mine Operations: The main fan and the roadway network are used to exhaust gas and dust. Combined with intelligent monitoring technology, the air - flow distribution is optimized to reduce the risk of explosion.

 

III. Design Principles and Optimization Directions

1. Give Priority to Natural Ventilation

In areas with suitable climates, the natural air flow should be maximized through the design of building orientation and window layout to reduce energy consumption.

2. Scientifically Calculate the Ventilation Volume

Based on the personnel density in the space, the heat generated by equipment, and the pollutant release rate, the minimum ventilation volume should be determined using the air - change rate method or the demand - driven model to avoid excessive energy consumption.

3. Zoning Control and Modularization

The building should be divided into independent ventilation areas, and local exhaust (such as laboratory exhaust hoods) should be implemented for different pollution sources to improve the system efficiency.

4. Trend of Intelligent Upgrade

The Internet of Things and big - data technologies should be introduced to build a three - dimensional ventilation model, dynamically simulate the air - flow path and pollutant diffusion, and realize the automatic parameter adjustment of equipment such as fans and dampers to achieve the goals of supplying air according to demand and saving energy.

 

IV. Key Points of Maintenance and Inspection

Regularly check the air duct's airtightness and the clogging of filters, and clean up the accumulated dust. Test the operating stability and noise level of fans, and calibrate the data accuracy of sensors. For high - risk scenarios such as civil air defense and mines, special acceptance standards such as the detection of air - duct welds and the flexibility of valve opening and closing should be strictly implemented to ensure the long - term reliability of the system.

Through scientific design and technological innovation, the ventilation system not only serves as the basic guarantee for building environmental safety but also plays an irreplaceable role in fields such as industry, transportation, and underground spaces, promoting the development of green buildings and smart cities.